Multilingualism And Language Power Dynamics In North East India: Challenges And Educational Policy Implications

Abstract

North East India is one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world, home to hundreds of indigenous languages spoken across varied ethnic communities. However, this rich linguistic heritage is under increasing threat due to systemic neglect, marginalization, and the dominance of major national and global languages in education, administration, and media. This paper explores the intersections of linguistic diversity, language endangerment, and educational language policy in the region, with a particular focus on the implications of the mother tongue-based education movement and the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Drawing on a wide range of scholarly literature and policy documents, the study highlights how structural inequalities, socio-political marginalization, and a lack of state-level commitment to multilingual education have contributed to the gradual erosion of indigenous languages. The paper critically examines the theoretical frameworks surrounding language shift, language rights, and educational equity, while also exploring grassroots efforts in community-based language revitalization and multilingual education initiatives. Particular attention is paid to how state and national language policies have historically failed to accommodate the multilingual realities of North East India. The analysis underscores the importance of inclusive, community-sensitive educational practices that promote mother tongue instruction at the primary level, not only for preserving linguistic diversity but also for improving educational outcomes and strengthening cultural identity. The paper concludes by recommending policy reforms aimed at empowering local communities, strengthening teacher training in indigenous languages, and fostering inclusive language planning that aligns with India's constitutional commitment to cultural and linguistic diversity.